Landscape initiatives are increasingly emerging as an effective route to support the environmental and economic resilience of landscapes and smallholder farmers producing raw materials for global supply chains. 

ISEAL has been exploring the role of landscape and jurisdictional approaches in addressing livelihoods and income challenges for smallholder farmers. This paper forms part of ongoing research to understand to what extent existing landscape initiatives are integrating livelihoods and living income considerations.

This paper includes in-depth case studies of four current landscape initiatives, providing insights into how landscape initiatives are explicitly engaging with living income concepts and objectives. The landscape initiatives, implemented by IDH, Proforest, and Swisscontact, provide a broad sample of contexts, through different geographies, crops, and maturities.